Mj. Chambers, FRACTIONAL-INTEGRATION, TREND STATIONARITY AND DIFFERENCE STATIONARITY EVIDENCE FROM SOME U.K. MACROECONOMIC TIME-SERIES, Economics letters, 50(1), 1996, pp. 19-24
Fractionally integrated autoregressive moving average models are used
to test trend stationarity and difference stationarity in the logarith
ms of five U.K. macroeconomic time series. Three series are found to b
e difference stationarity, while the remaining two are best described
by a nonstationary fractional model.