UNIFORM COMPLIANCE COSTS FOR MINERAL COMMODITIES - WHO GAINS AND WHO LOSES

Changes in energy and nonfuel-mineral production, consumption, and net -export revenue that result from environmental protection are estimate d by income class and geographic region. Unlike previous assessments o f unilateral adoption of standards, I assume that all producers incur equal cleanup costs. Adjustment is therefore accomplished through chan ges in prices and quantifies rather than altered trade patterns. The e stimated magnitude of worldwide changes is not large. Moreover, many p oor countries are forecast to benefit, since their terms of trade impr ove However, the problem of obtaining foreign exchange for investment remains. A financing scheme that divorces efficiency from equity is su ggested.