J. Siebert et al., CRYPTOENDOLITHIC MICROORGANISMS FROM ANTARCTIC SANDSTONE OF LINNAEUS TERRACE (ASGARD RANGE) - DIVERSITY, PROPERTIES AND INTERACTIONS, Biodiversity and conservation, 5(11), 1996, pp. 1337-1363
Cryptoendolithic microorganisms from stratified communities in Antarct
ic sandstone were studied for physiological diversity and possible int
eractions. Cultures of 25 bacteria, five fungi, and two green algae fr
om one boulder grew with a wide variety of organic carbon or nitrogen
sources, they exhibited varied exoenzymatic activities and were psychr
ophilic or psychrotrophic. Many isolates excreted vitamins into the me
dium and were stimulated by other vitamins. Organic acid excretion and
siderophore formation were common, but antibiotic activity was rare.
Plasmids were found in 24% of the bacteria, and many of these strains
showed resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals. A small plasmid (2.
9 kb) from strain AA-341 was electrotransferred into sensitive isolate
s, thereby rendering these resistant to ampicillin and Cr3+. Bacterial
cultures in spent algal medium and co-culture with algae demonstrated
beneficial (rarely inhibitory) interactions. A search for free organi
c compounds in zones of the sandstone community revealed sugars, sugar
alcohols, organic acids and amino acids - in many cases the same comp
ounds that were excreted into the laboratory medium. Data presented he
re indicate low taxonomic but high physiological diversity among these
heterotrophic cryptoendoliths. This physiological diversity, as well
as the spatial separation in layers with distinct activities, allows c
oexistence within the community and contributes to the stability of th
is ecosystem.