Dk. Li et al., MATERNAL SMOKING DURING PREGNANCY AND THE RISK OF CONGENITAL URINARY-TRACT ANOMALIES, American journal of public health, 86(2), 1996, pp. 249-253
To study maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of congenital
urinary tract anomalies, we interviewed mothers of 118 affected infant
s born to residents of western Washington State during 1990 and 1991 a
nd mothers of 369 control infants randomly selected from those without
birth defects delivered during those years in five hospitals in King
County, Washington. Maternal smoking was associated with an increased
risk of congenital urinary tract anomalies in offspring (adjusted odds
ratio [OR] = 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 4.5). This risk
was higher among light smokers (1-1000 cigarettes during the pregnanc
y) (OR = 3.7; 95% CI = 1.7, 8.6) than among heavy smokers (OR = 1.4; 9
5% CI = 0.6, 3.3). Our results corroborate previous findings and suppo
rt the hypothesis of a causal relation.