Several alternative explanations have been proposed to explain the mec
hanisms of placebo action, which has proved effective in a variety of
disorders. Here we investigate the affect of placebo medication on eff
ort migraine-a headache that can occur with any type of intense muscul
ar action in sports. Twenty adult male semi-professional football play
ers suffering from effort migraine were studied over a period of five
years. It was found that placebo medication can produce significant im
provement in the amount of pain suffered during an effort migraine.