THE EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE RHEOLOGICAL, DIELECTRIC AND MUCOADHESIVE PROPERTIES OF POLY(ACRYLIC ACID) GEL SYSTEMS

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of s torage on the physical properties of a series of poly(acrylic acid) (P AA) hydrogels, using two dynamic techniques, oscillatory rheology and dielectric spectroscopy. Furthermore, the effects of ageing on the muc oadhesive properties were evaluated and related to the changes in stru cture. Methods. Three carbomers (Carbopols 934P, 974P and EX-214) and polycarbophil (Noveon AA-1) have been formulated as hydrogels with a r ange of neutralising agents (NaOH, triethanolamine and tromethamine). The effects of storage for six months on the gel structure were measur ed using oscillatory rheology and low frequency dielectric analysis. M ucoadhesive performance was studied by means of a detachment force tes t. Results. A substantial decrease in the rheological storage moduli w as noted for all samples, while the tan delta values remained unchange d for the majority of systems. Dielectric studies revealed that gels n eutralised with triethanolamine showed a greater degree of binding of neutralising ions to the gel network than did the other two agents. It was also found by the dielectric analysis that, on storage, the distr ibution of ions within the gel systems changed. This may be due to the neutralising ions being liberated from the gel network into the bulk aqueous phase, thereby contributing to the decrease in rheological sto rage modulus. Mucoadhesion studies indicated that, despite the substan tial changes in gel structure, there was no alteration in the bioadhes ive force of detachment for the majority of systems during a six month period. Conclusions. A redistribution of cations between the polymer cluster and the bulk of medium is proposed as an possible additional m echanism of ageing of PAA hydrogels. The results obtained support the hypothesis outlined previously that the mucoadhesive strength is relat ed to the tan 6 value rather than the viscosity of the gel.