The occurrence of the blood parasites Haemoproteus and Trypanosoma in
the pied flycatcher, Ficedulla hypoleuca, was examined to test current
hypotheses that parasites reduce the expression of secondary sexual t
raits, mating success, breeding success, and survival of infected indi
viduals. The results showed that there was no significant relationship
between male plumage brightness and Trypanosoma infection, but males
infected with Haemoproteus tended to be brighter than uninfected males
, partly because first-year males were less often infected than older
males. Polygynous males did not have fewer parasites than monogamous m
ales. Females did not choose uninfected males among those they had sam
pled. Clutch size and laying date were not related to female infection
status, and the number and quality of nestlings was not related to pa
rasite infections of either male or female parent. The ability of male
s to provide parental care was not related to their infection status.
The return rate from one breeding season to the next of infected males
was not lower than that of uninfected males. The lack of correlations
between parasites and male plumage colour and female mate choice appa
rently do not support the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis of sexual selection.
However, the absence of demonstration of any negative effects of para
sites suggests that infection status may not be a direct measure of pa
rasite resistance, or the degree to which the host suffers. Instead, t
he results support the alternative view that infected individuals have
demonstrated their ability to survive and to cope with the parasites,
while uninfected individuals are probably not yet tested for their re
sistance., This points to problems in using parasite prevalences and d
istributions, al least of some protozoan blood parasites, for tests of
Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis, even though this was done in the first test
by Hamilton and Zuk and by many later researchers.