Recent work has largely completed our understanding of the hydrogen-ex
change chemistry of unstructured proteins and nucleic acids. Some of t
he high-energy structural fluctuations that determine the hydrogen-exc
hange behavior of native macromolecules have been explained; others re
main elusive. A growing number of applications are exploiting hydrogen
-exchange behavior to study difficult molecular systems and elicit oth
erwise inaccessible information on protein structure, dynamics and ene
rgetics.