VARIABILITY OF SOURCES AND SINKS OF CO2 IN THE WESTERN INDIAN AND SOUTHERN OCEANS DURING THE YEAR 1991

For the period from January to September 1991 we describe spatial and temporal variations of sea surface carbon dioxide fugacity (fCO2) in t he Antarctic, Subantarctic, subtropical, and tropical regions of the I ndian Ocean (including the Red Sea). The measurements were made contin uously with an infrared technique during seven cruises. We study the t emporal variations of fCO2 at daily, monthly and seasonal scales in se lected areas. High-frequency variabilities of 20 muatm/d have been obs erved near polar frontal zone. Both spatial and temporal fCO2 variatio ns are large near the subtropical and Subantartic fronts. In the subtr opical domain, fCO2 decreases regularly from austral summer to winter. In January this region is a small CO2 sink with values near equilibri um with the atmosphere. In July, low fCO2 (300 muatm) leads to a CO2 f lux of -4.5 mmol/m2/d into the ocean for the zonal band 23-degrees-S-3 5-degrees-S. A quantitative study of monthly and seasonal fCO2 budgets is presented for the subtropical area. Considering first the observat ions at seasonal scale, it is shown that changes in fCO2 can be explai ned by temperature variations and air-sea exchanges; the sum of biolog ical and mixing processes, considered as the balance of the seasonal f CO2 budget, is close to zero. The monthly fCO2 budgets are then calcul ated. In that case, other processes must be taken into account to clos e the budget: the observations indicate that the effect of productivit y exceeds the one of mixing in austral summer and the opposite in wint er. We then describe the seasonal air-sea fCO2 differences (DELTAfCO2) for the whole western Indian Ocean and corresponding Antarctic sector (18,000 observations). In the equatorial and tropical regions the oce an is a CO2 source as was previously observed in the 1960s. In the sub tropical area the CO2 sink dominates but varies strongly on a monthly scale. In the circumpolar front zones there is a large potential CO2 s ink in summer. In the Antarctic waters, fCO2 spatial variability is ve ry high at mesoscale, especially in the area of the Kerguelen plateau. Finally, it is shown that in some oceanic areas, well-defined relatio ns exist between fCO2 distribution and temperature and salinity. If we want to use them to constrain mappings of continuous fCO2 fields from sparse observations, such relations must be considered at regional an d at least seasonal scales.