BREEDING SYSTEMS IN INDOMALESIAN SPINIFEX (PANICEAE, GRAMINEAE)

Coastal, psammophilous Spinifex littoreus, like other species of Spini fex, is dioecious in Indomalesia, but exceptions to dioecism are found in West Java, the Molucca Islands, and occasionally in the Philippine s and northern Borneo. There dioecism has become degraded on the femal e side to trimonoecism, and sporadically to typical andromonoecism, th rough restoration of male fertility in some or all flowers. Interpreta tions of an androdioecious breeding system for Malesian S. littoreus a re unsustainable.