This paper offers an exact definition of the value created by firms to
gether with their suppliers and buyers. The ''added value'' of a firm
is similarly defined, and shown under certain conditions to impose an
upper bound on how much value the firm can capture. The key to a firm'
s achieving a positive added value is the existence of asymmetries bet
ween the firm and other firms. The paper identifies four routes (''val
ue-based'' strategies) that lead to the creation of such asymmetries.
Our analysis reveals the equal importance of a firm's supplier and buy
er relations. Cooperative game theory provides the underpinnings of th
e analysis.