The aim of this review article is to present recent advances in the th
eory of the dynamics of modulated phases in the Frenkel-Kontorova mode
l. This theory is motivated through two specific condensed matter syst
ems: charge-density wave conductors and Josephson junction arrays. The
presentation tries to integrate the existing results into the perspec
tive of the equilibrium theory of the model, which is summarized in th
e beginning. The issues of defectibility, metastability, pinning and s
ynchronization are discussed in connection with the underlying interpl
ay of continuum and discrete descriptions. Special emphasis is placed
on the different transitions between dynamical phases; namely depinnin
g transition, unlocking transition and dynamical Aubry transition.