In order to investigate the relationship between some lifestyle factor
s and lung cancer, a case-control study involving all lung cancer deat
hs registered in 1986 was performed. The results show that among males
, 92.5% of the cases and 75.5% of controls were smokers, implying that
cigarette smoking is a primary risk factor for lung cancer in males.
By contrast, among females only 60.6% of the cases and 30.8% of the co
ntrols were smokers, implying factors other than cigarette smoking mus
t be involved in the development of lung cancer in females. The risk o
f lung cancer in nonsmoking females was found to be unaffected by expo
sure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). A study of diet and eating
habits showed that in males the risk of lung cancer was reduced by the
intake of vegetables and fruits, but was significantly increased by a
frequent intake of fried foods. The positive association between the
intake of fried food and the risk of lung cancer could result from coo
king practices and from inappropriate methods used in food preparation
. No association can be demonstrated between the consumption of high p
rotein or high fat diets, salty and smoked food items and the incidenc
e of lung cancer. Thus, it is not likely that sufficient lung cancer i
nducing carcinogens can be generated through the intake of food. In ad
dition, the positive association found to exist between the living ind
ex and the risk of lung cancer in females is consistent with the notio
n that coal smoke or cooking practices may generate sufficient indoor
air pollutants to significantly increase the risk of lung cancer in fe
males.