IMMUNIZATION TO DECREASE PREGNANCY WASTAGE IN BEEF-CATTLE .1. IMMUNOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

In order for vaccination to provide protection, adequate doses of the correct antigens must be delivered to the animals via the appropriate route at the right time. This article discusses immunologic principles that are important for all veterinarians to understand. A successful immune response usually produces the same humoral and cellular respons es as a natural infection, To achieve this goal, the delivery system s hould present the vaccine to lymphoid cells in the target tissue. In a ddition to discussing the characteristics of attenuated and inactivate d vaccines, this article describes the types of immune response (e.g., humoral or cell mediated, systemic or mucosal). It describes how inco rrect handling can render a Vaccine ineffective. It also discusses-why an immune response,can fail to protect the animal.