Cd. Barrentine, TOADS (BUFO-BOREAS BAIRD AND GIRAD) OBTAIN NO CALORIES FROM INGESTED SPHENOPHORUS-PHOENICIENSIS CHITTENDEN (COLEOPTERA, CURCULIONIDAE), The Pan-Pacific entomologist, 69(1), 1993, pp. 15-17
Ninety percent (865/962) of the billbugs (Sphenophorus spp.) in 145 to
ad (Bufo boreas Baird & Girard) fecal pellets were egested alive. Dead
billbugs (S. phoeniciensis Chittenden) found intact in toad fecal pel
lets have an average weight and caloric content that was 1.4% (0.13/9.
06 mg) and 4.5% (0.225/5.049 kcal) greater, respectively, than that fo
und for non-egested billbugs. Toads (B. boreas) derive no calories fro
m billbugs (S. phoeniciensis) that pass intact through the digestive t
ract.