This article presents a review of recent developments in the empirical
literature on corruption which uses subjective indices and survey dat
a. The results are presented on two broad themes. contributions to und
erstanding the causes of corruption and theories on the consequences o
f corruption. Though this type of research is still in its infancy it
has already provided the field of corruption with some of the empirica
l discipline needed to turn its fertile theorizing into policy recomme
ndations.