V. Magdolen et al., SYSTEMATIC MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE RECEPTOR-BINDING REGION OF THE HUMAN UROKINASE-TYPE PLASMINOGEN-ACTIVATOR, European journal of biochemistry, 237(3), 1996, pp. 743-751
The amino-terminal fragment of human uPA (ATF; amino acids 1-135), whi
ch contains the binding site for the uPA receptor (uPAR, CD87) was exp
ressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recombinant yeast ATE mo
dified and extended by an amino-terminal in-frame insertion of a His,
tract, was purified from total protein extracts by nickel chelate affi
nity chromatography and shown to be functionally active since it effic
iently competes with uPA for binding to cell-surface-associated uPAR.
The ATF expression plasmid served as a template for the construction o
f a series of site-directed mutants in order to define those amino aci
ds that are important for binding to uPAR. All mutant ATF proteins but
one (deletion of Ser26) were expressed in a stable form (about 20-30
ng/mg total protein) and the binding capacity of each mutant was teste
d by a uPA-ligand binding assay employing recombinant uPAR immobilized
to a microtiter plate. Each of the 11 amino acids of loop B of the bi
nding region of uPA (amino acids 20-30) were individually substituted
with alanine. Lys23, Tyr24, Phe25, Ile28, and Trp30 were important det
erminants for uPAR binding. A systematic alanine scan was also perform
ed with chemically synthesized linear peptides spanning amino acids 14
-32 of ATE Comparable results to those with the yeast ATF mutants were
obtained. In a different set of experiments, those amino acids of the
uPAR-binding region of uPA that are only conserved between man and ba
boon but not in other species were altered: whereas substitution of Th
r18 by alanine or Asn32 by serine had hardly any effect, replacement o
f Asn22 by tyrosine and Trp30 by arginine (both positions are strictly
conserved in other mammals) led to ATF variants incapable of interact
ing with human uPAR. Deletion of either Val20, Ser21, Lys23, His29 or
Val20 plus Ser21, respectively, also generated non-reactive ATF mutant
s. Finally, Lys23 in ATF was substituted with certain amino acids: whe
reas the replacement of Lys23 by alanine, histidine or glutamine gener
ated ATF variants with moderate uPAR-binding activity, the introductio
n of a negatively charged amino acid (exchange of Lys23 by glutamic ac
id) completely abolished uPAR-binding activity. The results presented
for the ATF mutants and uPA-derived peptides may provide clues necessa
ry to establish the nature of the physical interaction of uPA with its
receptor and may help to develop uPA-derived peptide analogues as pot
ential therapeutic agents to block tumor cell-associated uPA/uPAR inte
raction.