Jp. Rodriguez et P. Lederer, CONFINEMENT OF SPIN AND CHARGE IN HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS, Physical review. B, Condensed matter, 53(18), 1996, pp. 11980-11983
By exploiting the internal gauge invariance intrinsic to a spin-charge
-separated electron, we show that such degrees of freedom must be conf
ined in two-dimensional superconductors experiencing strong interelect
ron repulsion. We also demonstrate that incipient confinement in the n
ormal state can prevent chiral spin fluctuations from destroying the c
rossover between strange and pseudogap regimes in underdoped high-temp
erature superconductors. Last, we suggest that the negative Hall anoma
ly observed in these materials is connected with this confinement effe
ct.