Yk. Che et I. Gale, EXPECTED REVENUE OF ALL-PAY AUCTIONS AND FIRST-PRICE SEALED-BID AUCTIONS WITH BUDGET CONSTRAINTS, Economics letters, 50(3), 1996, pp. 373-379
We show that all-pay auctions dominate first-price sealed-bid auctions
when bidders face budget constraints. This ranking is explained by th
e fact that budget constraints bind less frequently in the all-pay auc
tions, which leads to more aggressive bidding in that format.