Ms. Weldon et Dw. Massaro, INTEGRATION OF ORTHOGRAPHIC, CONCEPTUAL, AND EPISODIC INFORMATION ON IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT TESTS, Canadian journal of experimental psychology, 50(1), 1996, pp. 72-86
An experiment was conducted to determine how orthographic and conceptu
al information are integrated during incidental and intentional retrie
val. Subjects studied word lists with either a shallow (counting vowel
s) or deep (rating pleasantness) processing task, then received either
an implicit or explicit word fragment completion (WFC) test. At test,
word fragments contained 0, 1, 2, or 4 letters, and were accompanied
by 0, 1, 2, or 3 semantically related words. On both the implicit and
explicit tests, performance improved with increases in the numbers of
letters and words. When semantic cues were presented with the word fra
gments, the implicit test became more conceptually driven. Still, conc
eptual processing had a larger effect in intentional than in incidenta
l retrieval. The Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception (FLMP) provided a g
ood description of how orthographic, semantic, and episodic informatio
n were combined during retrieval.