A THEORETICAL-MODEL FOR THE STRESS-DISTRIBUTION IN GRANULAR MATTER .2. FORCES IN PIPES

As an application of the model we have developed for the stress within a granular material we consider the force distribution within vertica l and horizontal pipes. For a vertical pipe (with rough walls) the ave rage forces in the system follow the arch of a catenary between the wa lls. For a horizontal pipe pressure exerted at one end of the pipe is transmitted in right cones to the walls with the stress free region en ding in a cone whose apex is at the face of the open end.