The understanding of the principal parameters naturally selected to en
gineer biological electron transfer systems has been combined with tec
hniques of de novo design and chemical synthesis of peptides to initia
te a program of synthesis of simple proteins equipped with multiple re
dox cofactors. Our primary goal is to assemble functional redox protei
n maquettes of the large, complicated natural proteins such as the pho
tosynthetic reaction center. Attention is focused on strategies for en
gineering and construction of well defined, stable four-helix bundles
containing suitable redox cofactors optimized for efficient electron t
ransfer.