This essay examines Richard White's concept of the ''middle ground'' t
hrough careers of two Dakota missionaries active in Rupert's Land in t
he late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, John Thunder and Pet
er Hunter. The archival sources suggest that both men used the process
involved in the creation of the middle ground in an attempt to commun
icate effectively with the dominant white society. To attain their own
goals, they appropriated and manipulated Euro-Canadian symbols and in
stitutions.