COUNTERMEASURE OF THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF WEIGHTLESSNESS ON PHYSICAL SYSTEMS IN LONG-TERM SPACE-FLIGHTS

The system of countermeasure of microgravity effects has been develope d in Russia that allowed to perform safely long-term space flights. Th is system that includes different means and methods such as special re gimens of physical exercises, axial loading (''Pingiun'') and antigrav ity suits, low body negative pressure device (LBNP, ''Bhibis'') and '' cuffs'' and others has been used with certain variations at certain st ages of flight in 27 successfully accomplished space flights that last ed from 60 to 439 days. The pre-, in- and postflight studies performed in 57 crew members of these flights have shown that the system of cou ntermeasure is effective in preventing or diminishing to a great exten t almost all the negative effects of weightlessness in flights of a ye ar and more duration and that the intensity and duration of changes re corded indifferent body systems after flights do not correlate signifi cantly to flight durations, correlating strongly to the volume and int ensity of physical exercises used during flight and especially during concluding stage of it.