Primary and secondary manifestations of infectious diseases, metabolic
and endocrine disorders, immune-mediated disorders, vasculo- and coag
ulopathies, neoplasias, nutritional disorders,inborn errors of metabol
ism, drugs and toxins in the eye and its adnexa are described. Whether
sudden acquired retinal degeneration (SARD) is caused by a systemic d
isease is not yet known.