N. Grigorieff et al., ELECTRON-CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC REFINEMENT OF THE STRUCTURE OF BACTERIORHODOPSIN, Journal of Molecular Biology, 259(3), 1996, pp. 393-421
Using electron diffraction data corrected for diffuse scattering toget
her with additional phase information from 30 new images of tilted spe
cimens, an improved experimental density map has been calculated for b
acteriorhodopsin. The atomic model has then been rebuilt into this new
map with particular attention to the surface loops. All the residues
from 7 to 227 as well as ten lipid molecules are now included, althoug
h a few amino acid residues in three of the six surface loops, about h
alf of the lipid hydrophobic chains and all of the lipid head groups a
re disordered. The model has then been refined against the experimenta
l diffraction amplitudes to an X-factor of 28% at 3.5 Angstrom resolut
ion with strict geometry (0.005 Angstrom bond length deviation) using
the improvement of the ''free'' phase residual between calculated and
experimental phases from images as an objective criterion of accuracy.
For the refinement some new programs were developed to restrain the n
umber of parameters, to be compatible with the limited resolution of o
ur data. In the final refined model of the protein (2BRD), compared wi
th earlier co-ordinates (1BRD), helix D has been moved towards the cyt
oplasm by almost 4 Angstrom, and the overall accuracy of the co-ordina
tes of residues in the other six helices has been improved. As a resul
t the positions of nearly all the important residues in bacteriorhodop
sin are now well determined. In particular, the buried, protonated Asp
115 is 7 Angstrom from, and so not in contact with, the retinal and Me
t118 forms a cap on the pocket occupied by the beta-ionone ring. No cl
ear density exists for the side-chain of Arg82, which forms a central
part of the extracellular half-channel. The only arginine side-chain b
uilt into good density is that of Arg134 at the extracellular end of h
elix E, the others being disordered near one of the two surfaces. The
interpretation of the end of helix F on the extracellular surface is n
ow clearer; an extra loose helical turn has been built bringing the si
de-chain of Glu194 close to Arg134 to form a probable salt bridge. The
model provides an improved framework for understanding the mechanism
of the light-driven proton pumping. A number of cavities that could co
ntain water molecules were found by searching the refined model, most
of them above or below the Schiff base in the half-channels leading to
the two surfaces. The ordered and disordered regions of the structure
are described by the temperature factor distribution. (C) 1996 Academ
ic Press Limited