This study reexamines influences on individual tumour. Assessing the e
ffects of the short-term campaign environment on turnout behavior, pre
vious scholarship has failed to account for the fact that voting in th
e United States is a two-stage process: the preliminary act of registr
ation followed by the act of voting. The findings from this analysis s
uggest that this failure has tilted existing research away from discov
ering substantively impressive campaign influences. While citizen char
acteristics are the principal determinants of registration status, cam
paign factors emerge as quite important in explaining the turnout of t
hose individuals who have surmounted the registration hurdle.