Cp. Dettmann et Gp. Morriss, PROOF OF LYAPUNOV EXPONENT PAIRING FOR SYSTEMS AT CONSTANT KINETIC-ENERGY, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics, 53(6), 1996, pp. 5545-5548
We present a proof that a system consisting of any finite number of pa
rticles that move under the action of a scalar potential at constant k
inetic energy exhibits conjugate pairing of Lyapunov exponents; that i
s, the Lyapunov exponents come in pairs, which sum to the same constan
t. This result generalizes previous results, because it is independent
of the size of the system.