Vl. Smithswintosky et al., METYRAPONE, AN INHIBITOR OF GLUCOCORTICOID PRODUCTION, REDUCES BRAIN INJURY-INDUCED BY FOCAL AND GLOBAL-ISCHEMIA AND SEIZURES, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism, 16(4), 1996, pp. 585-598
Increasing evidence indicates that glucocorticoids (GCs), produced in
response to physical/emotional stressors, can exacerbate brain damage
resulting from cerebral ischemia and severe seizure activity. However,
much of the supporting evidence has come from studies employing nonph
ysiological paradigms in which adrenalectomized rats were compared wit
h those exposed to constant GC concentrations in the upper physiologic
al range, Cerebral ischemia and seizures can induce considerable GC se
cretion, We now present data from experiments using metyrapone (an 11-
beta-hydroxylase inhibitor of GC production), which demonstrate that t
he GC stress-response worsens subsequent brain damage induced by ische
mia and seizures in rats. Three different paradigms of brain injury we
re employed: middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model of focal ce
rebral ischemia; four-vessel occlusion (4VO) model of transient global
forebrain ischemia; and kainic acid (KA)-induced (seizure-mediated) e
xcitotoxic damage to hippocampal CA3 and CA1 neurons. Metyrapone (200
mg/kg body wt) was administered systemically in a single i.p. bolus 30
min prior to each insult. In the MCAO model, metyrapone treatment sig
nificantly reduced infarct volume and also preserved cells within the
infarct. In the 4VO model, neuronal loss in region CA1 of the hippocam
pus was significantly reduced in rats administered metyrapone, Seizure
-induced damage to hippocampal pyramidal neurons (assessed by cell cou
nts and immunochemical analyses of cytoskeletal alterations) was signi
ficantly reduced in rats administered metyrapone. Measurement of plasm
a levels of corticosterone (the species-typical GC of rats) after each
insult showed that metyrapone significantly suppressed the injury-ind
uced rise in levels of circulating corticosterone. These findings indi
cate that endogenous corticosterone contributes to the basal level of
brain injury resulting from cerebral ischemia and excitotoxic seizure
activity and suggest that drugs that suppress glucocorticoid productio
n may be effective in reducing brain damage in stroke and epilepsy pat
ients.