MARANGONI EFFECTS ON DROP DEFORMATION IN AN EXTENSIONAL FLOW - THE ROLE OF SURFACTANT PHYSICAL-CHEMISTRY .1. INSOLUBLE SURFACTANTS

The shape of a drop centered in an axisymmetric extensional flow is de termined by the viscous stresses that deform the drop and surface tens ion gamma' that resists the deformation. The ratio of these stresses i s given by the capillary number, Ca. When Ca is small enough, the drop attains a steady shape. However, above a threshold value, Ca-cr, the drop elongates continuously, and no steady shape is attained. When sur factants are present on the drop interface, the surface tension is det ermined by the surface concentration profile, which varies throughout the deformation process. Initially, the surface tension is given by ga mma(eq), in equilibrium with the uniform surface concentration Gamma'( eq). When the flow is initiated, surfactant is swept toward the drop t ips, reducing the surface tension there, and altering the interfacial stress balance tangentially through Marangoni stresses and normally th rough the Laplace pressure. In this paper, the effects of an insoluble surfactant on drop deformation are studied. In previous work, either a surface equation of state for the surface tension gamma' that is lin ear in the surface concentration Gamma' was used, an approximation tha t is valid only for dilute Gamma', or Gamma' sufficiently dilute for t he linear approximation to be valid were studied. In this paper, a non linear surface equation of state that accounts for surface saturation and nonideal interactions among the surfactant molecules is adopted. T he linear framework results are recovered for Gamma' that are sufficie ntly dilute. As Gamma' is increased, the effects of saturation and sur factant interactions are probed at constant initial Gamma'(eq) and at constant initial gamma'(eq). Finally, the case of strong intersurfacta nt cohesion is treated with a first-order surface phase transformation model. At moderate surface concentrations, these nonlinear phenomena strongly alter the steady drop deformations and Ca-cr relative to the uniform surface tension and linear equation of state results. (C) 1996 American Institute of Physics.