MARRIAGE PROTECTION AND MARRIAGE SELECTION - PROSPECTIVE EVIDENCE FORRECIPROCAL EFFECTS OF MARITAL-STATUS AND HEALTH

Married adults are generally healthier than unmarried adults. It has b een hypothesized that marriage is associated with good health because marriage has beneficial effects on health (marriage protection effects ) and/or because healthier individuals are more likely to marry and to stay married (marriage selection effects). To investigate these hypot heses, this study analyzes prospective panel data for a large national sample of women in the U.S. (the National Longitudinal Surveys of You ng Women). The women were aged 24-34 yr at the beginning of two succes sive five-year follow-up intervals. Analyses of the prospective data i ndicate that there were significant marriage protection effects, but o nly among women who were not employed. Specifically, for women who wer e not employed, married women had better health trends than unmarried women in each follow-up interval. It appears that marriage had benefic ial effects on health for women who did not have a job which could pro vide an alternative source of financial resources and social support. In addition, analyses of the prospective data provide limited evidence for marriage selection effects. Specifically, women who had better he alth initially were more likely to marry and less likely to experience marital dissolution, but only for women who were not employed full-ti me and only during the first follow-up interval. Thus, the prospective evidence suggests that, for women who were not employed, both marriag e protection and marriage selection effects contributed to the marital status differential in health observed in cross-sectional data. In co ntrast, neither marriage protection nor marriage selection effects wer e observed for women who were employed full-time. As would be expected , the cross-sectional data show that marital status differentials in h ealth were large and highly significant for women who were not employe d, whereas marital status differentials in health were much smaller an d often not significant for employed women. Women who were neither mar ried nor employed had particularly poor health. Additional evidence in dicates that the women who were neither married nor employed suffered from multiple interacting disadvantages, including poor health, low in comes, and sociodemographic characteristics which contributed to diffi culty in obtaining employment. Copyright (C) 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd