Va. Schmidt, LOOSENING THE TIES THAT BIND - THE IMPACT OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION ON FRENCH GOVERNMENT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO BUSINESS, Journal of Common Market studies, 34(2), 1996, pp. 223-254
European integration has served to loosen the ties that have tradition
ally bound French business and government by decreasing the independen
ce of French govenment, which can no longer formulate policy unilatera
lly, while it has increased that of French business, which now looks a
s much to Europe as to the nation-state for policy-making, and more to
the market and one another than the state for financing. European int
egration has also reduced the flexibility of government at the impleme
ntation stage, with the EU regulatory model replacing France's adminis
trative model. The result is an unbalancing of France's traditional 's
tatist' model of policy-making, and potential problems for French demo
cracy.