MANAGEMENT OF HEART-FAILURE

Heart failure is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality . Because heart failure is difficult to diagnose accurately on the bas is of the history and physical examination alone, it is vital that cli nical evaluation such as echocardiography be used to confirm the diagn osis. In addition, it is important to identify etiologic or predisposi ng factors that may be reversible. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhib itors should be considered in all patients with a diagnosis of left ve ntricular systolic dysfunction, unless contraindications exist. Diuret ics and digoxin are helpful in specific circumstances. Comorbid factor s such as excessive alcohol intake and coronary artery insufficiency s hould be addressed. Patient and family education and cooperation with medical regimens can reduce morbidity acid mortality