Recent advances in optical imaging technology have enabled the measure
ment of Ca2+ dynamics in individual synaptic spines with high time res
olution. Results from work using this new technology have confirmed th
e view that individual synaptic spines can act as functional chemical
compartments with independent dynamics of second-messenger concentrati
on. In particular, the ability of Ca2+ to directly mediate Hebbian coi
ncidence detection has been confirmed.