F. Paulsen et T. Welo, APPLICATION OF NUMERICAL-SIMULATION IN THE BENDING OF ALUMINUM-ALLOY PROFILES, Journal of materials processing technology, 58(2-3), 1996, pp. 274-285
This paper deals with 3D elasto-plastic finite-element analyses of the
production bending of aluminium extrusions. The overall objective of
the study is to determine the applicability of using the general purpo
se software MARC K5.2 in analysing industrial rotary draw bending and
stretch bending. The main focus is placed on the effects of material b
ehaviour, slenderness of cross-sectional members, and die geometry on
geometrical tolerances. The influence of applying external pre-stretch
ing and internal support for obtaining better tolerances is demonstrat
ed also, The results have been validated by a number of tests carried
out in the laboratory and using industrial bending machines. The resul
ts show that wrinkles and sagging, or 'suck-in' of the flanges, can be
eliminated by applying a stationary internal mandrel in combination w
ith an infernal web, even with tight radii. Furthermore, external pre-
stretching is shown to be advantageous in order to reduce local buckli
ng and spring-back. It has been found that the thickness variation exp
ected after extrusion is of the same importance as anisotropy with res
pect to sagging in stretch bending. Elastic spring-back is influenced
by the strain-hardening characteristic and the amount of axial loading
applied, both decreased strain hardening and increased tension ensuri
ng reduced spring-back. The experimental and numerical results appear
to be in excellent agreement, indicating that extrapolation of the res
ults to cases? other than those tested, may be possible. It is conclud
ed that finite-element analysis has proven to be a well-suited numeric
al tool for design and product optimisation in industrial bending.