MANAGEMENT-PRACTICES AND RISK-FACTORS FOR MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY IN MINNESOTA DAIRY HEIFER CALVES

This prospective study involved 845 Holstein heifer calves born during 1991 on 30 dairy farms in southeast Minnesota. The objectives of the part of the study reported hen were to examine relationships between m anagement practices and incidence of morbidity and mortality at both h erd and individual-calf levels. A survey administered by the investiga tors identified the herd management practices. Check-off forms complet ed by cooperating producers captured the individual-calf risk factors. Data collected included events surrounding each calf's birth as well as treatments and disease diagnoses for each heifer calf. Outcomes of interest were any occurrence of enteritis, pneumonia, or death between birth and 16 weeks of age. Time, place and date of birth, ease of bir th, colostrum administration and any other treatments at birth, housin g and any other treatments were the risk factors of interest. The over all morbidity rate for the study was 0.2 calves treated per 100 calf-d ays at risk (range 0-0.8, standard deviation 0.2), while the rates for scours and pneumonia were 0.15 cases per 100 calf-days at risk (0-0.7 , +/- 0.2) and 0.10 (0-0.7, +/- 0.2) cases per 100 calf-days at risk, respectively. The mortality rate for the study period was 0.08 deaths per 100 calf-days at risk (0-0.3, +/- 0.08); 64 heifers (7.5%) died du ring the study. Mean average daily weight gains for heifers from birth to 16 weeks of age was 0.82 kg day(-1) for all farms (0.45-1.1, +/- 0 .2). In general, stated herd management practices were practiced at th e individual-calf level. Several herd management practices altered the outcomes of interest. For example, the feeding of a coccidiostat to p reweaned calves increased the herd risk of pneumonia (relative risk, 3 .38; 95% CI 1.34-8.50). The feeding of a vitamin A-D-E supplement to p reweaned calves exerted a protective effect against scours (0.35, 0.13 -0.93). Managing group pens for weaned calves in an 'all-in, all-out' fashion rather than in a continuous flow system contributed to a farm having an average daily rate of gain that was above the median (3.06, 1.34-6.97). The Cox proportional hazards model was used to describe re lationships between risk factors and the outcomes of interest, Calves that required assisted delivery were at an increased risk of developin g enteritis sooner than those that were born without assistance. No ot her risk factors had a significant effect.