Iw. Harvey et al., POLYAZA HETEROCYCLES .3. HALOGENATION OF 1-SUBSTITUTED QUINOXALINO[2,3-C]CINNOLINES - MECHANISTIC IMPLICATIONS, Journal of the Chemical Society. Perkin transactions. I, (14), 1996, pp. 1699-1703
Since it has been proposed that halogenation of quinoxalino[2,3-c] cin
nolines at C-10, using hydrogen chloride or bromide in chloroform, occ
urs through initial protonation of the substrate at N-12, attempts hav
e been made to inhibit this protonation by the introduction of an addi
tional substituent at C-l, Where this substituent is chloro, bromo or
methyl, chlorination still occurs preferentially at C-10, although the
yield and the reaction decrease along the series, lending weight to t
he mechanistic proposal.