WHOOPING-CRANE RECOVERY - A CASE-STUDY IN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE COOPERATION IN THE CONSERVATION OF ENDANGERED SPECIES

I describe three theoretical approaches to endangered species conserva tion: public-sector models, private-sector models, and mixed models. C riteria to consider in evaluating these models are scientific, economi c, legal, ethical, and administrative. The history of conservation eff orts on behalf of the endangered Whooping Crane (Grus americana) is us ed as an example of mixed-model approach (one that involves both publi c- and private-sector organizations and individuals) to the conservati on of endangered species. Evaluation of Whooping Crane conservation ef forts, using the specified criteria, suggests that this mixed model ge ts relatively high marks in all areas. My recommendations for endanger ed species conservation activities include (1) ensuring that all poten tial sources of scientific expertise and ''caring'' are included, (2) developing a robust national funding mechanism for endangered species conservation efforts, and (3) creating stream-lined administrative str uctures and operating procedures tailored to the unique needs of each endangered species conservation team. Broader implications of Whooping Crane story for conservation biology as a profession and for conserva tion biologists as individuals include (1) being inclusive rather than exclusive in conservation planning and implementation, (2) recognizin g the power of individual initiative and commitment, (3) collecting ba sic data over an extended period of time, and (4) emphasizing the impo rtance of communication, cooperation, and coordination.