FORMATION OF NITRATING AND CHLORINATING SPECIES BY REACTION OF NITRITE WITH HYPOCHLOROUS ACID - A NOVEL MECHANISM FOR NITRIC OXIDE-MEDIATEDPROTEIN MODIFICATION
Jp. Eiserich et al., FORMATION OF NITRATING AND CHLORINATING SPECIES BY REACTION OF NITRITE WITH HYPOCHLOROUS ACID - A NOVEL MECHANISM FOR NITRIC OXIDE-MEDIATEDPROTEIN MODIFICATION, The Journal of biological chemistry, 271(32), 1996, pp. 19199-19208
Detection of 3-nitrotyrosine has served as an in vivo marker for the p
roduction of the cytotoxic species peroxynitrite (ONOO-). We show here
that reaction of nitrite (NO2-), the autoxidation product of nitric o
xide ((NO)-N-.), with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) forms reactive intermed
iate species that are also capable of nitrating phenolic substrates su
ch as tyrosine and 4-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid, with maximum yields ob
tained at physiological pH. Monitoring the reaction of NO2- with HOCl
by continuous flow photodiode array spectrophotometry indicates the fo
rmation of a transient species with spectral characteristics similar t
o those of nitryl chloride (Cl-NO2). Reaction of synthetic Cl-NO2 with
N-acetyl-L-tyrosine results in the formation of 3-chlorotyrosine and
3-nitrotyrosine in ratios that are similar to those obtained by the NO
2-/HOCl reaction (4:1). Tyrosine residues in bovine serum albumin are
also nitrated and chlorinated by NO2-/HOCl and synthetic Cl-NO2. The r
eaction of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine with NO2-/HOCl or authentic Cl-NO2 also
produces dityrosine, suggesting that free radical intermediates are i
nvolved in the reaction mechanism. Our data indicate that while chlori
nation reactions of Cl-NO2 are mediated by direct electrophilic additi
on to the aromatic ring, a free radical mechanism appears to be operat
ive in nitrations mediated by NO,1 HOCl or Cl-NO2, probably involving
the combination of nitrogen dioxide ((NO2)-N-.) and tyrosyl radical. W
e propose that NO2- reacts with HOCl by Cl+ transfer to form both cis-
and trans-chlorine nitrite (Cl-ONO) and CI-NO2 as intermediates that
modify tyrosine by either direct re action or after decomposition to r
eactive free and solvent-caged Cl-. and (NO2)-N-. as reactive species.
Formation of Cl-NO2 and/or Cl-ONO in vivo may represent previously un
recognized mediators of inflammation-mediate protein modification and
tissue injury, and offers an additional mechanism of tyrosine nitratio
n independent of ONOO-.