The common occurrence of particles adhering to substrates has great te
chnological implications. The physical properties of materials on part
icle adhesion, i.e. the force needed to remove a particle from a subst
rate, depend on mechanical properties such as elastic moduli and yield
strength. We discuss and critically evaluate theoretical advances and
experimental studies, based on microscopic and nanoindentor technolog
ies, that further our understanding of particle adhesion. We summarize
recent advances and describe current challenges in this field.