GEODESY USING THE SWEDISH PERMANENT GPS NETWORK - EFFECTS OF SIGNAL SCATTERING ON ESTIMATES OF RELATIVE SITE POSITIONS

This paper presents results from a study of elevation-angle-dependent systematic effects on estimates of relative site positions within the Swedish permanent Global Positioning System (GPS) network. Two months of data from 16 sites have been analyzed with three different elevatio n cutoff angles, namely, 10 degrees, 15 degrees, and 20 degrees. We pr esent offsets between these solutions and demonstrate that estimates o f the vertical component of several baselines strongly depend on the m inimum elevation angle (elevation cutoff angle) of the data analyzed. Offsets of 22.3 +/- 1.6 mm in the vertical component are evident when the elevation cutoff angle is changed from 10 degrees to 20 degrees. W e investigate these offsets and conclude that a significant part is du e to differential phase errors caused by scattering from structures as sociated with the mounting of the antenna to the pillar and with the p illar itself. The horizontal components of baseline are less affected. We found, however, that the offsets in the horizontal components incr ease with baseline length. For the longest baselines (similar to 1500 km) Offsets of more than 5 mm are evident in the north component when the elevation cutoff angle is changed from 10 degrees to 20 degrees. T hese offsets are most likely due to differential phase err ors caused by nonuniform antenna phase patterns; an effect that presumably increa ses with baseline length and which also might increase because of scat tering from the pillars and the antenna mounts. We identify the scatte ring structure and reduce associated errors in the vertical component of baseline to a significant degree on one of the sites by using micro wave-absorbing material, The results presented are of importance for t hose analyzing data from existing networks and for those who intend to establish permanent GPS geodetic networks.