INVASIVE AND NONINVASIVE MONITORING FOR EARLY RECOGNITION AND TREATMENT OF SHOCK IN HIGH-RISK TRAUMA AND SURGICAL PATIENTS

Although some emergency patients entering with severe shock should go directly to the operating room, others require additional tests, radio graphs, angiograms, CT scans, and so forth. The conventional approach is to stabilize circulatory function using blood pressure and clinical appearance as criteria, but these may be misleading. Noninvasive hemo dynamic monitoring provides an array of data to evaluate cardiac, pulm onary, and tissue perfusion functions in the emergency department, tra uma service, operating room, or anywhere in the hospital. Noninvasive systems are becoming more accurate and reliable when compared with the invasive Swan-Ganz thermodilution method for cardiac output. This met hod allows for evaluation of circulatory deficiencies and titration of therapy to appropriate optimal endpoints.