POLITICAL INCLUSION AND THE DYNAMICS OF DEMOCRATIZATION

Once universal adult citizenship rights have been secured in a society , democratization is mostly a matter of the more authentic political i nclusion of different groups and categories, for which formal politica l equality can hide continued exclusion or oppression. it is important , however, to distinguish between inclusion in the state and inclusion in the polity more generally. Democratic theorists who advocate strat egy of progressive inclusion of as many groups as possible in the stat e fail to recognize that the conditions for authentic as opposed to sy mbolic inclusion are quite demanding. History shows that benign inclus ion in the state is possible only when (a) a group's defining concern can be assimilated to an established or emerging state imperative, and (b) civil society is not unduly depleted by the group's entry into th e state. Absent such conditions oppositional civil society may be a be tter focus for democratization than is the state. A flourishing opposi tional sphere, and therefore the conditions for democratization itself may actually be facilitated by a passively exclusive state, the main contemporary form of which is corporatism. Benign inclusion in the sta te can sometimes occur, but any such move should also produce exclusio ns that both facilitate future democratization and guard against any r eversal of democratic commitment in state and society. These considera tions have substantial implications for the strategic choices of socia l movements.