CONCURRENT RISK-FACTORS FOR ADOLESCENT VIOLENCE

Purpose: To examine the risk and protective factors for different type s of violent behavior in a sample of high school age adolescents drawn from the general population, illuminate the multiple and cumulative n ature of the different risk factors, and characterize gender differenc es in explanatory variables that foster involvement in violent activit ies. Methods: Using data from a 6-year longitudinal self-report survey of over 4,500 high school seniors and high school dropouts from Calif ornia and Oregon, we developed weighted estimates of the proportions o f youth exhibiting different risk factors who are also involved in vio lent activities. We use risk scales to show the cumulative effects of multiple factors within substantive domains, and logistic regression t echniques to pinpoint the effects of each risk factor relative to othe rs included in the models. Results: Major risk factors for violence in clude gender and deviant behaviors, such as using and selling drugs, c ommitting nonviolent felonies, and engaging in other forms of nonviole nt delinquency. Low academic orientation, lack of parental affection a nd support, and perceptions of parents' substance use also show strong links with violent behavior. As the number of risk factors increases, so does the likelihood of engaging in violent behavior. Boys and girl s show somewhat different paths to violence, with girls being comparat ively more susceptible to the effects of family problems or disruption and impaired relationships with parents. For boys, engaging in other deviant behaviors provides the most information about their propensity to commit violent acts. Weak bonds with school and family also have a n impact on serious violence for boys. Conclusions: Risk factors from multiple domains-demographic, environmental, and behavioral-contribute to involvement in various types of violent behavior. The strong links between violence, drug use, and delinquency argue for prevention/inte rvention programs that take into account the clustering of these behav iors, while the contribution of weak familial and school bonds point t o the need for efforts to strengthen these institutions. Research is n eeded to identify effective ways of achieving these ends.