DATA ASSIMILATION AND INVERSE METHODS IN TERMS OF A PROBABILISTIC FORMULATION

The weak constraint inverse for nonlinear dynamical models is discusse d and derived in terms of a probabilistic formulation. The well-known result that for Gaussian error statistics the minimum of the weak cons traint inverse is equal to the maximum-likelihood estimate is rederive d. Then several methods based on ensemble statistics that can be used to find the smoother(as opposed to the filter) solution are introduced and compared to traditional methods. a strong point of the new method s is that they avoid the integration of adjoint equations, which is a complex task for real oceanographic or atmospheric applications. They also avoid iterative searches in a Hilbert space. and error estimates can be obtained without much additional computational effort. The feas ibility of the new methods is illustrated in a two-layer quasigeostrop hic ocean model.