Ky. Jung et al., TIMING, INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES, MANAGERIAL DISCRETION, AND THE SECURITY ISSUE DECISION, Journal of financial economics, 42(2), 1996, pp. 159-185
This paper investigates the ability of the pecking-order model, the ag
ency model, and the timing model to explain arms' decisions whether to
issue debt or equity, the stock price reaction to their decisions, an
d their actions afterward. We find strong support for the agency model
. Firms often depart from the pecking order because of agency consider
ations. We fail to find support for the timing model.