Hotplate studies rarely match subjects into groups and often use high
temperatures that are less sensitive to the effects of mild analgesics
. Subjects may not be matched into groups because it has not been clea
rly demonstrated that there are reliable and robust individual differe
nces in performance on the hotplate, and out of concern that the testi
ng required to match subjects into groups might reduce the sensitivity
of the task to mild analgesics by producing 'behavioral tolerance'. H
igher hotplate temperatures may be preferred because they reduce varia
bility in response latencies, and it may be assumed that this preclude
s the need to match subjects into groups. The results of the present s
tudy demonstrate that there are reliable and robust differences among
individuals tested on the hotplate, regardless of whether the hotplate
is 50 degrees C or 55 degrees C (alpha's > 0.90). The present results
also confirm that lower hotplate temperatures are much more sensitive
to the effects of mild analgesics: increased response latencies follo
wing a low dose of morphine (3 mg/kg) could be reliably detected with
only 8 rats at 50 degrees C, while the same dose would not be detected
reliably at 55 degrees C unless more than 55 rats were tested. Finall
y, there was no evidence that habituation to the hotplate produced 'be
havioral tolerance' or reduced the sensitivity of the test to the effe
cts of morphine. These findings suggest that hotplate studies should m
atch subjects into groups and use lower hotplate temperatures in order
to increase the sensitivity of the test, but also out of an ethical o
bligation to minimize the intensity of the noxious stimulus and the nu
mber of animals exposed to it.