THE PRECOLONIAL 19TH-CENTURY FOREST OF THE UPPER ST-LAWRENCE REGION OF QUEBEC - A RECORD OF ITS EXPLOITATION AND TRANSFORMATION THROUGH NOTARY DEEDS OF WOOD SALES

A method based upon the use of wood sales, recorded by notary deeds, w as used to describe how the precolonial forest of the Upper St. Lawren ce Region of Quebec changed during the 19th century. The notary deeds, covering the period of 1800 to 1880, are conserved in the National Ar chives of Quebec, in Montreal. Wood sales of the different species wer e compared, for each decade, as well as the fluctuations of volumes so ld in relation to price. The results show a succession of species, app earing and disappearing, in the recorded wood sales. The sales began, in the early 1800s, with bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa Michx.), eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.), white pine (Pinus strobus L.), su gar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton), and American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.). Oak sales rea ched their highest level in the first decade of the century, but this species was rapidly exhausted and disappeared completely from the mark et by the end of the 1840s. Similarly, pine was sold mostly during the 1820s. Sugar maple, yellow birch, and beech, sold for firewood during the 1820s and 1830s, were replaced gradually in the following decades by other species also used for firewood, such as black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP), tamarack (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch), heml ock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriere), ''plaine'' (a mix of Acer rubrum L. and Acer saccharinum L.), American elm (Ulmus americana L.), and a sh (Fraxinus). The most valuable species were the first exploited for wood sales, and as they were depleted from the forest, they were repla ced by others of less value. Throughout the 19th century, under the in fluence of this harvesting, the composition of the Upper St. Lawrence forest changed to become what it is today.