DIAGNOSING TESTICULAR FUNCTION USING P-31 MAGNETIC-RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY - A CURRENT REVIEW

Patients with low sperm counts combined with normal concentrations of gonadotrophins, and in whom physical examination and post-ejaculatory urine analysis are normal, present a diagnostic dilemma. This situatio n can be caused by testicular failure or by ductal obstruction, which have very different clinical prognoses, Ductal obstruction might be co rrectable by microsurgical vasovaso/vasoepididymostomy, whereas this a pproach is of no use in primary testicular failure. A possible diagnos tic step for these patients is a testicular biopsy to differentiate be tween hypospermatogenesis and a normal gonad. However, to date testicu lar biopsy is seldom performed because of its invasive character. An a lternative accurate, non-invasive method to assess testicular function could be very helpful in the evaluation of idiopathic azoospermia or idiopathic oligozoospermia. During the past decade, magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy has been developed from a scientific tool into a no n-invasive clinical diagnostic tool and has also been used to study te sticular function. Recent studies have shown that P-31-MR spectroscopy , based upon differences in the ratio of peaks of phosphomonoester to beta-adenosinetriphosphate, is a non-invasive technique able to differ entiate between groups of patients with testicular failure and ductal obstruction, and it correlates reasonably well with the averaged mean Johnsen score of testicular biopsy. The role for a non-invasive techni que in the diagnosis of male infertility, such as P-31- MR spectroscop y, carl he manifold. It serves not only as an alternative for biopsy b ut can also be used to assess obstruction as the cause of infertility in patients with subnormal sperm counts, and to predict the chances of pregnancy in patients planned for vasovasostomy to correct a prior va sectomy. However, the main limitation to MR spectroscopy becoming a un iversal clinical diagnostic technique is the limited availability of 1 .5 Tesla MR scanners.