Vk. Jain et al., CAN DESIGN FOR NONISOTHERMAL PANCAKE FORGING OF GAMMA-TITANIUM ALUMINIDE ALLOYS, Journal of engineering for industry, 118(1), 1996, pp. 155-160
The design of cans to produce uniform, defect-free gamma titanium alum
inide alloy pancakes via conventional, nonisothermal forging, was esta
blished using finite element modeling (FEM) and laboratory validation
trials. The specific problem addressed was ingot breakdown via pancake
forging a process typically comprising a high reduction ratio (simila
r to 6:1) and a moderately high deformation rate (similar to 1 s(-1))
to minimize the effects of die chilling. Can and process variables inv
estigated in the FEM simulations included can end cap shape and thickn
ess, ram speed, and preheat temperature. The FEM results demonstrated
that there is an optimal end cap thickness and ram speed to obtain mod
erately uniform flow between the can and titanium aluminide workpiece.
These results were validated through trials on the near-gamma titaniu
m aluminide alloy Ti-45.5Al-2Cr-2Nb forged in AlSl type 304 stainless
steel cans.